Research peptide blog
Notes for laboratory researchers: what individual peptides are and how they differ, how lyophilized material is reconstituted and stored, and how purity is measured and verified.
Compound profilesEpithalon (Epitalon): The Tetrapeptide Explained
Epitalon (Epithalon) explained: the Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly sequence, its origin in pineal extract research, the telomerase studies, regulatory status and lab handling.
· 8 min read
Compound profilesThymosin Alpha-1: Structure and Research
Thymosin alpha 1 peptide profile: the 28-residue N-acetylated sequence, its origin in prothymosin alpha, thymalfasin's regulatory status and lab handling.
· 8 min read
Compound profilesARA-290 (Cibinetide): An EPO-Derived Peptide
ARA-290 (cibinetide) explained: the 11-residue helix B surface peptide from erythropoietin, the EPOR/CD131 heteroreceptor, research models and status.
· 9 min read
Compound profilesLL-37: The Human Cathelicidin Peptide
LL-37 peptide explained: the 37-residue human cathelicidin cut from hCAP-18. Sequence, formula, CAS, helical structure, receptors studied and lab handling.
· 9 min read
Compound profilesSnap-8: The Acetyl Octapeptide-3 Explained
The Snap-8 peptide, acetyl octapeptide-3: its eight-residue sequence, the SNAP-25 segment it copies, how it relates to Argireline, and lab handling.
· 8 min read
Compound profilesVIP: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Research
What the VIP peptide is: the 28-residue sequence, its VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, the 1970 isolation, aviptadil's status and lab handling notes.
· 8 min read
Compound profilesEloralintide: An Amylin Receptor Agonist
Eloralintide (LY3841136) is a selective amylin receptor agonist from Eli Lilly. Its structure, AMY1R selectivity, half-life, trial status and handling.
· 10 min read
Compound profilesGlutathione: The Tripeptide Antioxidant
The glutathione peptide explained: its γ-linked tripeptide structure, identity data, GSH and GSSG redox chemistry, synthesis enzymes and lab handling.
· 10 min read
Peptide scienceHow Peptides Are Made: Solid-Phase Synthesis
Peptide synthesis explained: how solid-phase synthesis builds a chain on resin, Fmoc chemistry, cleavage, HPLC purification, and where impurities come from.
· 11 min read
Peptide sciencePeptides vs Proteins: Where the Line Is
Peptides vs proteins: the difference between a peptide and a protein in amino acid chain length, folding, the FDA 40-amino-acid rule, synthesis and analysis.
· 12 min read
Handling and storageHow Long Do Peptides Last? Stability and Shelf Life
How long do peptides last as lyophilized powder, as a refrigerated stock and in assay buffer, which sequences degrade fastest, and how to spot a degraded stock.
· 10 min read
ComparisonsCJC-1295 vs Ipamorelin, and DAC vs No DAC
CJC-1295 vs ipamorelin compared: GHRH vs ghrelin receptor, the four substitutions in mod GRF(1-29), and what the Drug Affinity Complex adds.
· 10 min read
ComparisonsSermorelin vs Ipamorelin: GHRH vs Ghrelin Pathways
Sermorelin vs ipamorelin: a GHRH(1-29) analog and a ghrelin-receptor pentapeptide compared by sequence, receptor, signaling and regulatory status.
· 11 min read
ComparisonsSelank vs Semax: Two Synthetic Peptides Compared
Selank vs Semax compared: sequences, parent molecules (tuftsin and ACTH), molecular data, research models, regulatory status and lab handling.
· 9 min read
Compound profilesKisspeptin: KISS1R Signaling in Research
What the kisspeptin peptide is: how kisspeptin-10 and kisspeptin-54 signal through KISS1R to control reproductive hormone release, and lab handling.
· 11 min read
Compound profilesCerebrolysin: A Peptide Mixture Explained
What Cerebrolysin is: a porcine brain peptide mixture, how it is analyzed, how the acute ischemic stroke meta-analysis literature is built, and its status.
· 10 min read
Compound profilesDSIP: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide in Research
What the DSIP peptide (delta sleep-inducing peptide) is: the WAGGDASGE nonapeptide's identity, its 1977 isolation, the missing receptor and lab handling.
· 10 min read
Peptide scienceThe Peptide Bond: How Amino Acids Link
The peptide bond explained: how the amide link between amino acids forms, why it is planar, cis and trans forms, and how it resists hydrolysis.
· 12 min read
Compound profilesMelanotan II: Melanocortin Receptor Research
What Melanotan 2 is at the molecular level: the cyclic lactam structure, its melanocortin receptor profile, US regulatory record and lab handling.
· 11 min read
Compound profilesIGF-1 LR3: How It Differs From IGF-1
IGF-1 LR3 is an 83-amino-acid recombinant analog of human IGF-1 with an Arg3 swap and an N-terminal extension. Sequence, IGFBP binding, assays and handling.
· 14 min read
Compound profiles5-Amino-1MQ: The NNMT Inhibitor Explained
5-Amino-1MQ explained: a small molecule, not a peptide, its formula and salt form, the NNMT enzyme it inhibits, the models studied and lab handling.
· 9 min read
Compound profilesAOD9604: The hGH Fragment 176-191 Analog
The AOD 9604 peptide explained: a synthetic 16-residue fragment of human growth hormone (hGH), its disulfide ring, the fat metabolism studies and status.
· 11 min read
Compound profilesSS-31 (Elamipretide): A Mitochondria-Targeted Peptide
The SS-31 peptide (elamipretide): its D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 sequence, how it binds cardiolipin, its Szeto-Schiller origin and its 2025 FDA status.
· 9 min read
Compound profilesPT-141 (Bremelanotide): Structure and Receptors
What the PT-141 peptide is at the molecular level: bremelanotide's cyclic heptapeptide structure, its melanocortin receptor profile and lab handling.
· 10 min read
Compound profilesCagrilintide: The Long-Acting Amylin Analog
Cagrilintide is a lipidated 37-residue amylin analog from Novo Nordisk. Learn its sequence, receptor targets, half-life, trial status and lab handling.
· 10 min read
Quality and testingAre Peptides Legal? US Law for Research Buyers
Are peptides legal in the US? What research use only means, why these are not FDA-approved drugs, which are controlled substances, and how imports work.
· 13 min read
Peptide scienceGLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Research Primer
What a GLP-1 receptor agonist is: the receptor, native GLP-1, how exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide and multi-agonists differ, and lab handling.
· 10 min read
Compound profilesKLOW Peptide Blend: What Is in It
The KLOW peptide blend is four peptides in one 80mg vial: GHK-Cu, KPV, BPC-157 and TB-500. What each is, the molar ratios, COA checks and KLOW vs GLOW.
· 11 min read
ComparisonsBPC-157 vs TB-500: How the Two Peptides Differ
BPC 157 vs TB 500 compared side by side: sequences, origins, molecular weights, proposed mechanisms, research models, regulatory status and lab handling.
· 11 min read
Quality and testingHow to Read a Peptide Certificate of Analysis
How to read a peptide certificate of analysis (CoA): match the batch, then check each test for HPLC purity, mass spec identity, peptide content and endotoxin.
· 12 min read
Quality and testingJanoshik Peptide Testing: What a Report Shows
What a Janoshik peptide test report shows, which fields come from the lab and which from the client, and how to verify a report with its task number and key.
· 13 min read
Compound profilesGHK-Cu Copper Peptide: Structure and Research
Copper peptides explained through GHK-Cu: the Gly-His-Lys sequence, how it binds copper(II), its discovery in human plasma, identifiers and lab handling.
· 13 min read
Compound profilesMOTS-c Peptide: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide
The MOTS-c peptide explained: its 16-residue sequence, formula and CAS number, its origin in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, the AMPK link and its status.
· 12 min read
ComparisonsTirzepatide vs Retatrutide: Receptor Targets Compared
Tirzepatide vs retatrutide: how retatrutide and tirzepatide compare in receptor targets, sequence, half-life and FDA status, with semaglutide for reference.
· 11 min read
Compound profilesWhat Is Retatrutide? The Triple Agonist Explained
Retatrutide is a 39-residue lipidated peptide that activates the GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors. Learn its structure, receptor data and lab handling.
· 12 min read
Handling and storageLyophilized Peptides: How Freeze-Drying Works
How lyophilization works: freezing, primary drying by sublimation and secondary drying, why peptides are supplied dry, and what the cake in a vial tells you.
· 13 min read
Quality and testingPeptide Purity: How HPLC Measures It
What peptide purity means, how HPLC and mass spectrometry testing measure it, which impurities it misses, and how to read the figure on a research peptide COA.
· 12 min read
Compound profilesWhat Is BPC-157? Sequence, Structure and Research
What is BPC-157? A 15-residue synthetic peptide from gastric juice studies: its sequence, formula, CAS number, proposed mechanisms and regulatory status.
· 12 min read
Compound profilesWhat Is TB-500? Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment Explained
What is TB-500? The acetylated seven-residue fragment Ac-LKKTETQ from thymosin beta-4's actin-binding region: identity, origin, research and status.
· 11 min read
Handling and storageHow to Reconstitute Lyophilized Peptides in the Lab
How to reconstitute peptides step-by-step for in-vitro work: choosing a solvent, calculating mg/mL for the vial, gentle mixing, sterile filtering, storage.
· 13 min read
Handling and storageHow to Store Peptides: Temperatures, Light and Moisture
How to store peptides in the lab: freezer storage for lyophilized powder, fridge limits for a reconstituted peptide, and how light and moisture degrade it.
· 12 min read
Quality and testingResearch Peptides: What 'Research Use Only' Means
What research peptides are, what "research use only" means under US law, how a reagent differs from a finished drug, and what a responsible supplier states.
· 11 min read
Peptide scienceWhat Are Peptides? Structure, Bonds and Classes
What are peptides? How amino acids link into chains, where the peptide and protein line falls, the main classes, and how research peptides are made and stored.
· 13 min read